Trends in Early Growth Indices in the First 24 Months of Life in Uruguay over the Past Decade.

Early growth is an important indicator of health and wellbeing of children and a good predictor of adult health. The objective of this study was to examine trends and determinants of overweight and stunting among infants aged 0 to 23 month(s) over the past decade (1999-2011) in Uruguay. Data were used from four large representative samples of 11,056 infants aged 0-23 month(s), who attended public and private health services in 1999, 2003, 2007, and 2011, using a similar methodology. Linear regression analysis was used for assessing trends in early growth indices and binary logistic regression to estimate the probability of being stunted and overweight. Although prevalence of overweight fell from 12.5% (1999) to 9.5% (2011) and stunting from 13.6% to 10.9% respectively, both rates remained higher than expected. Low birthweight (LBW) was the main predictor of stunting [OR 6.5 (5.6-7.6)] and macrosomia of overweight [6.7 (5.3-8.3)]. We did not observe changes in LBW (7.8-8.8%) or macrosomia (5.9-6.7%) over the last decade. Boys showed increased chance of being overweight [OR 1.2 (1.04-1.3)]. Being stunted doubles the chances of being overweight [OR 2.5 (2.2-3.0)]. Overweight [OR 7.1 (6.1-8.3)], LBW [OR 13.2 (11.0-15.9)], and nonbreastfed infants [OR 1.9 (1.7-2.1)] showed rapid weight gain. Uruguay has taken positive steps to decline the prevalence of stunting and overweight but both remain excessively high.

Predicción del desarrollo mental a los 20 meses de edad por medio de la evaluación del desarrollo psicomotor a los seis meses de vida en niños sanos / Psychomotor development at six months predicts mental development at 20 months in healthy children

Introduction The study of the possible protector factors and the risk factors can favour or harm women during pregnancy, and so, the infant during the pre- and post-natal periods, has today become a necessary and a high priority objective of world health. In agreement with this proposal, carrying out follow-up programs to prevent, detect and treat consequences in infant development is one of the objectives of Early Care (EC). The follow-up is the way to verify whether the development of the child is occurring within the guidelines of normalcy, or if there is a suspicion that he may be suffering from delays. In order to do this in an appropriate way, one of the necessary conditions is to have access to the tables and instruments that include up-to-date parameters of the course of overall development in the normal population. If the detection and follow-up of risk populations is a key task in the context of early attention, so are the longitudinal studies that use the normal population as the focus of their study. Currently, in various countries in the European Union, important follow-up studies are being carried out of a multi-disciplinary nature (EARNEST Project, NUHEAL Project, and Spanish INMA Network), with the purpose of evaluating the development of the child in general and, specifically, his mental development. These studies take into account, among others, a series of parameters that contemplate the eating habits of the mother, exposure to environmental contaminants, styles of care and the physical, mental and social follow-up of the development of the children up to ages that include adolescence. One of the factors associated with mental development is psychomotricity. The psychomotor development refers to the acquisition of skills observed in the child in a continuous way throughout childhood, and it is associated, on the one hand, with the maturing of the Central Nervous System (proliferation of the dendrites, synaptogenesis and the myelinazation of the axons) from the first months of life up to the age of two. This maturation process has a pre-established order and a clear and predictable sequence: the progress is in a cephalocaudal sense and from proximal to distal. On the other hand, the psychomotor development is also associated with the learning done by the baby and the child in their interactions with themselves and their surroundings, with the affective links they establish based on the affect and stability of the care received and the perception of everything around them (people, images, sounds, movement…). These conditions are determinants in the emotional development, communicative functions, adaptive behaviours and attitude toward learning. It has been proposed that the psychomotor development precedes the mental development and forms the base on which it is established. And although it must be kept in mind that there are degrees of individual variation in normal psychomotor development, depending on the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, it can be said that full term babies who are born healthy follow a pattern of development or skills acquisition. This pattern is clear, and basic milestones have been defined that are easy to measure and that make it possible to know when a child is progressing satisfactorily. In these children, the rhythm of psychomotor development in the first two years of life is quite rapid. At six to seven months, they can sit and crawl; at eight to nine months, they stand up; and at 10 to 12 months, they walk with help. Through their movements and manipulations, they are exploring, imitating, learning and understanding. It is important to observe and rigorously follow the way the psychomotor development is occurring and being established in children because it may provide us with early indications of possible consequences in some parameters of their mental development. Another factor that is related to the mental development, in addition to the psychomotor development, is the somatic growth or development of the child. Numerous studies show how the weight, length and cephalic perimeter are predictors of disorders in development in the case of a risk, high-risk and/or clinical population with established problems and diverse associated pathologies. Therefore, these measures of growth constitute essential parameters to keep in mind for an early intervention in the deviations and disorders in development. In this study, it has been proposed the need to verify whether this relationship of prediction between somatic growth and psychomotor and mental development also occurs in populations of healthy children. The main objective of this study was to describe the evolution of the neurodevelopment in healthy children from the sixth to the 20th month of life. We now present the results of a part of the follow-up from the NUHEAL Project. Material and method The sample studied was composed of 66 (32 boys/34 girls) full-term, healthy infants, with a weight at birth appropriate for their gestational age, born at the San Cecilio Clinical University Hospital in Granada. All of their mothers were participants in the NUHEAL project, and they did not received docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplements. To evaluate the neurodevelopment of the infants, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were used at six months (6.22±0.29) (n:66) and at 20 months (19.56±1.17) (n:56). The evaluation was performed by a psychologist who had been trained for this. The BSID evaluates three aspects of development: motor development, mental development and the behaviour of the child. It provides an index of mental development (MDI) and an index of psychomotor development (PDI). In addition, an evaluation of the somatic or anthropometric development was also performed by an expert paediatrician, taking into account the following variables: weight, height, cephalic and thoracic perimeter at birth, at six months of age and at 20 months. The local Ethical Committee of the University Clinical Hospital "San Cecilio" of Granada approved the study protocol. After a careful explanation of the study details, written informed consent was obtained from all participating women. Results The preliminary data obtained in this study showed that the psychomotor development of the children was greater than the mental development, at both six and 20 months of age, with the mean from the Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) being (107.95±11.70 vs 125.39±10.51) at six and 20 months, respectively, and the mean from the Mental Development Index (MDI) being (97.73±9.14 vs. 119.64±12.41) at six and 20 months of age. The results showed that the MDI at 20 months was greater in those children who had a greater PDI at six months, (F(1. 52)= 4.27; p<0.044). No statistically significant relationships were found between the anthropometric data at six months and the EBDI development indices (MDI and PDI) at 20 months of age.

Introducción El estudio de los posibles factores tanto protectores como de riesgo que puedan favorecer o dañar a la mujer durante el embarazo y, por tanto, al niño en el período prenatal y postnatal, se ha convertido hoy en una necesidad y en un objetivo prioritario de salud mundial. Uno de los objetivos de la Atención Temprana es la realización de programas de seguimiento para prevenir, detectar y tratar secuelas en el desarrollo infantil. El seguimiento es el modo de comprobar si el desarrollo se está produciendo dentro de unas pautas de normalidad. Si la detección y el seguimiento de poblaciones de riesgo son unas tareas claves en la atención temprana, no lo son menos la realización de estudios longitudinales que toman a la población normal como objeto de estudio. Actualmente, en diversos países de la Comunidad Europea se están llevando a cabo importantes estudios aleatorizados con seguimiento longitudinal (proyectos NUHEAL, EARNEST, Red de Excelencia INMA) para evaluar el desarrollo global de los niños sanos y el desarrollo mental, en particular. Dentro de los factores asociados al desarrollo mental se encuentran el desarrollo psicomotor y el desarrollo somático. Numerosos estudios muestran que el peso, la talla y el perímetro cefálico son predictores de trastornos del desarrollo cuando se trata de una población de alto riesgo o con alguna patología. El objetivo principal de este estudio es describir la evolución del neurodesarrollo en niños sanos desde el sexto al vigésimo mes de vida. En este artículo se presentan parte de los resultados del Proyecto Europeo NUHEAL. Material y método Se estudiaron 66 bebés sanos (32 niños / 34 niñas), nacidos a término, con peso al nacimiento apropiado para la edad gestacional, que fueron reclutados en el Hospital Clínico Universitario "San Cecilio" en Granada y cuyas madres eran participantes del proyecto NUHEAL pero que no recibieron suplementación de ácido docosahexaenoico y ácido eicosapentanoico. Se les realizó evaluación del neurodesarrollo a los seis (n:66) y 20 (n:56) meses de edad utilizando las Escalas Bayley de Desarrollo Infantil (EBDI). Estas escalas proporcionan un índice de desarrollo mental (IDM) y un índice de desarrollo psicomotor (IDP). Igualmente se realizó evaluación del desarrollo somático, mediante el estudio antropométrico de las siguientes variables: Peso, talla, perímetro cefálico y torácico al nacimiento, a los seis y 20 meses de edad. El protocolo del presente estudio fue aprobado por el Comité Ético local del Hospital Clínico Universitario <> de Granada. Resultados Los datos mostraron que la población estudiada tenía mayor desarrollo psicomotor que mental tanto a los seis como a los 20 meses de edad, siendo la media del Indice de Desarrollo Psicomotor (IDP) (107.95±11.70 vs 125.39±10.51) a los seis y 20 meses respectivamente, y la media del Índice de Desarrollo Mental (IDM) (97.73±9.14 vs 119.64±12.41) para los seis y 20 meses de edad. Los resultados también muestran que el IDM a los 20 meses es mayor en aquellos niños que tenían un IDP mayor a los seis meses (F (1.52)= 4.27; p<0.044). No se encontraron relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las variables somatométricas a los seis meses y el IDM e IDP a los 20 meses de edad. Discusión Los resultados de este estudio indican que los niños incluidos en este trabajo de investigación se encuentran dentro de la normalidad. Los niños mostraron un buen desarrollo mental y psicomotor en ambas edades, aunque el desarrollo psicomotor era superior al mental tanto a los 6 como a los 20 meses. El IDP a los seis meses resultó ser un buen predictor del IDM a los 20 meses. Estos resultados corroboran los datos publicados por diversos autores que afirman que el desarrollo psicomotor precede al desarrollo mental, siendo el desarrollo psicomotor un factor protector y una base esencial para el establecimiento de las funciones mentales superiores. Respecto a los datos obtenidos de que ninguna variable somatométrica a los seis meses resultó predictora del desarrollo psicomotor y mental posterior a los 20 meses, probablemente sea debido a que los niños incluidos en este estudio eran niños sanos; si bien esta relación sí parece cumplirse cuando se trata de niños con antecedentes patológicos o en poblaciones de niños de alto riesgo.

Detección de deficiencia de acil CoA dehidrogenasa de cadena media a través de un programa de pesquisa neonatal en la Argentina / Medium chain acyl CoA dehidrogenase deficiency detected with a neonatal screening program

La deficiencia de acil-CoA-dehidrogenasa de cadena media (MCADD) es una de las enfermedades metabólicas congénitas (EMC) más frecuentes. Este trastorno de la ß-oxidación de los ácidos grasos se presenta generalmente en lactantes mayores de 6 meses. Las manifestaciones clínicas características son vómitos, letargo, hipotonía y leve hepatomegalia. El laboratorio revela hipoglucemia, hipocetosis, aumento moderado de las transaminasas y amonio y leve acidosis metabólica. El episodio es generalmente desencadenado por un ayuno prolongado o una enfermedad intercurrente. En un 18 por ciento de los casos la MCADD se manifiesta por primera vez con muerte súbita, la mortalidad total es de 24 por ciento y las secuelas de los pacientes que sobreviven pueden ser severas. La pesquisa neonatal de EMC es uno de los pilares de la medicina preventiva. Las enfermedades más comúnmente buscadas son la fenilcetonuria y el hipotiroidismo congénito, pero existen programas de pesquisa que abarcan otras EMC: como galactosemia, leucinosis o deficiencia de biotinidasa. La incorporación de una nueva tecnología, la espectrometría de masa en tándem (EMT), que permite la detección simultánea de 20 enfermedades, ha permitido incluir a los trastornos de la ß-oxidación dentro del grupo de patologías pasibles de detección neonatal. En el presente trabajo reportamos el primer caso de MCADD detectado por EMT en un programa de pesquisa neonatal en Argentina. Se presenta un niño RNT-PAEG con examen físico normal. La muestra de sangre fue obtenida a las 48 horas de vida con el paciente asintomático. El análisis se realizó en la Fundación para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Neurometabólicas (FESEN) como parte del programa de pesquisa neonatal por EMT. De la sangre impregnada en el papel de filtro se prepararon los éteres butílicos de acilcarnitinas y aminoácidos. La detección de las acilcarnitinas se realizó por EMT con un equipo VG Quatro II MS-MS (Micromass, Reino Unido) mediante el barrido de iones precursores de m/z 85. Los valores normales fueron obtenidos en una población de 400 recién nacidos sanos estudiados con la misma metodología. Como control patológico se analizó una muestra de una paciente con MCADD en tratamiento, diagnosticada en ocasión de presentarse con un síndrome de Reye. En el paciente se halló un marcado aumento de octanoilcarnitina (C8): 7,92 µM, con un menor aumento de hexacoilcarnitina (C6): 1,31 µM y decanoilcarnitina: 0,87 µM